The Nature Of Democracy By The Roman Res Publica Essay

If the nature of democracy may be understood via its etymological roots, demos (people) and kratos (power) arguably, in its very meaning, the system reflects an idealistic depiction of its primal iteration (that is, in 5th century Athens) rather than, for instance, the cogs of representative democracy that turn at the present – or so Western society likes to believe. In part, the significant distinction between the constructs is the constitution of the demos, Thorley estimates that it refers to between 12% and 17% of the Athenian population , and of course 66.1% of the UK population in the most recent general election. Hence, with a progressive understanding of politics one might assume that ‘the intermediary’ institutions of the Roman res publica (Senate and various Assemblies) lie somewhere within this linear democratic movement. Generally, however, political change is neither progressive nor linear and to this extent the Roman res publica was not the blending point that we might like it to be; it was not Aristotle’s â€Å"advantage to the poor† nor, in some ways, was it, as M. Cicero suggests, in â€Å"hands [where] the welfare of the commonwealth was the most important† . Rather, Roman political organs may be said to have malignly mutated from the schemata of Pericles’ Athenian government to the coup and later dictatorship of Sulla in 88BC; potentially, from which the elements of democracy, as it were, became unrecognisable to the Athenian gaze; and finally to the fall of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Roots of American Democracy2355 Words   |  10 Pagesand flourishing in the areas of philosophy, sciences, mathematics and literature. One other admirable achievement, the establishment of early forms of democracy, came from this time period and should not be overlooked as it is the historical basis of our government today. The Founding Fathers of the United States were influenced by Greek and Roman concepts in law, government structure, and even philosophy. Concepts described in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United StatesRead More Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay6933 Words   |  28 Pagesis politics is to be understood properly not in the sense of politics qua nomothetike but just as politike, i.e., direct, participatory politics as was enjoyed in the Athenian polis and as the formed background to Aristotle’s philosophizing on the nature of ethics. The ethical import of politics can be retrieved from Aristotle’s Ethics (in both versions) and Politics by dwelling on the connection of eudaimonia and humanity’s function as such. Aristotle does not construe this function as contemplationRead More The History of the Roman Government Essay4423 Words   |  18 PagesThe History of the Roman Government The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. Theyve had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that

Essay about Thomas Jefferson - 2279 Words

Thomas Jefferson was who authored extraordinary words and it was there words that changed a nation. Jefferson’s ability to write made him prominent author of write the Declaration of Independence, (among other significant works). Jefferson’s writings reflected on the rights of mankind and what rights a government must offer its people. His use of words to fight for Human rights makes him one of the greatest American Hero’s. Thomas Jefferson’s writings on basic human rights caused a radical shift in American Colonist thoughts and these stunning ideas would influence the Americans to break away from Great Britain. â€Å"As a boy, Thomas Jefferson’s was shy and often tongue-tied†¦Preferred the company of books to that of most people.† (Wilmore,†¦show more content†¦A Summary was a relatively short piece, with its point to be speaking towards the American people in general not just to an elitist group. It looked upon the struggle for justice within American Colonist’s lives (Bottorff, 33). However Jefferson’s main idea within this book was that the British government had too much authority over Colonial America (Peterson, 1). A Summary contained grievances to the British government and toward the King himself. Jefferson even went through out British history to prove his ideas of self government. The radical Whig Party in America also upheld these ideas and through this book felt that Jefferson was on their side (Passos, 169). In A Summary Jefferson also wrote that the colonist should ask for favors from the King instead of rights however those favors wer e clear and they need to be able to self-govern their selves (Donovan, 66). Jefferson’s views on the rights of mankind can be express through a quote in his work â€Å"Every Individual is equal to every individual.†(Bottorff, 33) His message is clear it is that no man should rule over another man nor should any man be treated with a different respect with then others. This brings about the idea that mankind deserves natural right and that no one can take them from mankind. In 1776 Jefferson’s was appointed by the Continental Congress to write be on the committee whichShow MoreRelatedWho Is Thomas Jefferson?993 Words   |  4 Pages Who is Thomas Jefferson? Matthew Backlin United States History 1 A CP October 18, 2015 Who was Thomas Jefferson? Most people just think of him as the man who wrote the Declaration of Independence or just one of our many presidents. That’s not the case. Jefferson was more than that, He was a very intelligent man and a loving father and grandfather. Thomas Jefferson was also an inventor and one of the most significant men in the history of makingRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The Constitution911 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions. However Thomas Jefferson the 4th president of the United States also known as the father of the constitution and Alexander Hamilton who was the author of the majority papers written as well as the leading member of the constitutional convention the both of them took part in creating the(factions) that lead to the political systems also known as democracy being introduced. James Madison was the principle intellecteal leader of the constitutional convention while Thomas Jefferson contributedRead MoreEssay on Thomas Jefferson1532 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson He is best remembered as a great president and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He also won lasting fame as a diplomat, a political thinker, and a founder of the Democratic Party. Jeffersons interests and talents covered an amazing range. He became one of the leading American architects of his time and designed the Virginia Capitol, the University of Virginia, and his own home, Monticello. He greatly appreciated art and music and tried to encourage theirRead MoreEssay Thomas Jefferson1012 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 in Albermarle County, Virginia. He was born in a simple four-room house in Shadwell, Virginia, what is now Monticello. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a planter who was a bright, brave, and strong man. His mother was a very gentle lady. She was boring under one of the most distinguished families in the area. His family had prospered since the first Jefferson arrived in America from Whales in 1612. Soon after Jef ferson’s birth, the French and British beganRead MoreThe Contributions Of Thomas Jefferson1474 Words   |  6 Pageshowever, there was a red-haired Virginian who was less than intimidating yet more literate and educated; he was credited for driving the nail in our retaliation against Britain’s lack of representation against the colonists. This man’s name was Thomas Jefferson, a historical figure who wasn’t expected to accomplish much based on his modesty; however, he achieved so many successful pursuits in which the most notable contributions will be included in the following main points: His general background/upbringingsRead MoreThomas Jefferson Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jefferson Thomas Jeffersons ideals and beliefs were derived from a deep regard for life, liberty, and freedom. His concept of individual freedoms strongly disagreed with the notion of a guided republic which he believed concentrated a great deal unchecked power among a few people. This could have the potential of tyrannical government that might suppress personal freedoms of any kind especially those of religion, which Jefferson feels very strongly felt should be protected. AfterRead More Thomas Jefferson Essay869 Words   |  4 Pages Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 to Peter and Jane Jefferson. His exact place of birth is not known. But it is believed to be about five miles outside of Charlottesville. He had ten brothers and sisters, but many of them died very young. Jefferson was one of two surviving sons. He was sandy-haired, tall, and awkward. His nickname was â€Å"Long Tom.† He really enjoyed outdoor activities, especially riding, shooting, and canoeing. Jefferson was also great musician and a diligent worker whoRead More thomas jefferson Essay912 Words   |  4 Pages Thomas Jefferson was Born on April 13, 1743,on a farm called Shadwell, what is now called Monticello, in the county of Albermarle, Virginia. Jefferson was the third child in the family and grew up with six sisters and one brother. At the age of five, Jefferson was placed by his father, Peter Jefferson, at an quot;English school, for four years, where he developed an interest in botany, geology, cartography, and North American explorationquot;. After English school, was transferred to a Latin schoolRead More Thomas Jefferson Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I read is Thomas Jefferson by Norman K. Risjord. This book was published in 1994. The biography I read was Thomas Jefferson and it was very enlightening and informative. The story began in Shadwell, Virginia where Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 and raised until he was approximately 18. Thomas Jefferson’s parents were well off, but his father died when Thomas was 14. When Jefferson was 17 years old, he got permission to attend the College of William and Mary. Thomas Jefferson did many thingsRead MoreEssay on Thomas Jefferson841 Words   |  4 PagesFrance Was in favor of this Alliance with France Wanted to work with the British Repelled the judiciary Act of 1801 They were all for it Jefferson had dismissed many federalist and judges so they were against it. Part 2: Response Write a 350-word response to the following question: How â€Å"Jeffersonian† was Thomas Jefferson as president? Jefferson doesnt fit neatly into the label Jeffersonian†. Jeffersons commitment to the separation of church and state, his  Virginia Act for Establishing

Accountable Care Organizations Essay Example For Students

Accountable Care Organizations Essay Implications of the Accountable Care OrganizationAfter the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed on March 23, 2010, there has been a more renewed focus on expanding patient care hence, creating a network of providers and hospitals who are mainly responsible for providing quality care to patients. The Accountable Care Organization (ACO) was created to account for the perceived problems in the healthcare industry. It takes into account the safety of the healthcare industry and provides a value-based approach of healthcare where providers are paid based on their quality and the quality of care they provide to consumers. ?An ACO is a provider-centric organization which focuses on three main goals for specific population of consumer: reducing cost, improving quality, developing skills and resources? (Gerardi, 2011). Due to an improved preventive care services and disease management systems, the ACO has sought to reduce cost and prevent hospital readmissions, decrease exces s use of ambulatory services and prevent the doubling of services that are present in the healthcare industry. It also seeks to improve quality ?through coordination of care and the existence quality-related, rather than transaction/volume-related incentive programs, as well as defining best practices through experience and evidence based medicine? (Gerardi, 2011). ACO will play a different role for consumers in that, providers who are within the network of ACO will be required to inform their patients to go to different doctors if they are unwilling to participate. ?Nevertheless, although physicians will likely want to refer patients to hospitals and specialists within the ACO network, patients would still be free to see doctors of their choice outside the network without paying more? (Gold, 2011). Under the ACO, providers undertake a new financial risk together with additional financial compensations and benefits for delivering good quality of care to patients at less cost. ?In an ACO framework, providers would work together to minimize consumption of higher-cost services, become proficient in managing risk, motivate participants to take recommended actions to protect their health, and share among themselves the portion of total savings that the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) decides to award them? (Reynolds Roble, 2011). Use of?medical services is increasing, due to fee-for service payment methods that rewards providers based on the care provided? (Ansel Miller, 2009). Nevertheless, ?there is lack of coordination of care due to numerous providers positioned at different settings who are all given rewards generate volume? (Ansel Miller, 2009). This can result in inaccurate diagnoses, unnecessary treatments and increase hospital readmissions. Additionally, the re is lack of or improper use of electronic information technology therefore causing poor disease management. There is a number of United States healthcare funding that is allocated ?for the management of chronic diseases such as COPD, congestive heart failure and diabetes and improper management of these diseases can result in over medication, readmissions and increased hospitalization which will increase cost as a consequence? (Ansel Miller, 2009). Therefore, ACO?s addresses these utilization issues and ensures that providers are adequately rewarded for decreasing utilization while quality care is not adversely impacted.Employers are similarly divided in terms of who can share in the savings and cost of the ACO. Under ?cost sharing, there is relatively even distribution between employers (18%), employees (15%), medical groups (23%), hospitals (22%), and health plans (21%)? (Hewitt, 2011). This equal distribution of cost sharing shows that, employers have a different understanding on health plans and they do not differentiate between types of providers in terms of cost. They are thus willing to implement and use available tools to promote and address the issues of cost; though, they expect employees to be better health care consumers. Hence, ?the implication is that employers will need to continue to assist employees to be more cost conscious health customers and make better health-conscious choices through consumer-driven health plans, high-performance provider networks, and cost transparency?(Hewitt, 2011).Since the ACO pays providers based on the quality of care they provide and make information on provider quality available to consumers, as a result, providers endeavor to deliver the best care with less cost. On the other hand, for employers, this means that insurers and providers will provide a more transparent clinical and medical outcomes, pricing and data since they are held accountable for the care they provide. Hence, ?this transition will require changes in organizational structure and operational workflow. In some cases this transition will require a major cultural transformation depending on the current state of the organization? (Hewitt, 2011). Under the ACO, there are rules governing how insurers sell coverage. ?Health insurers are required by federal law to offer health insurance to any small business, but premiums in most states can vary within prescribed limits based on the health status of workers? (Kaiser, 2009). The ACO will require insurers to provide insurance coverage to all applicants without considering the applicant?s pre-existing health conditions. Thus, all individuals would qualify for coverage and the insurers would adapt to uniform ways for enrolling individuals in a health insurance plan. ReferencesAnsel, T., Miller, D. (2009) Reviewing the landscape and defining the core competencies needed for a successful accountable care organization. Retrieved from http://www.healthcarestrategygroup.com/resources/ pdfs/ACOWhitePaper_General_Distribution_FINAL.pdf?lang=en_usoutput=jsonsession-id=407c7ee4f4e72408df13734c75cc5e09Gerardi, M. (March 2011). The ACA-driven ACO movement: Implications for emergency medicine. .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c , .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .postImageUrl , .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c , .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:hover , .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:visited , .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:active { border:0!important; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:active , .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a36d58503ee7654f4b39927bf37025c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mystical Caves Used Throughout Mythology EssayGold, J. (2011). FAQ on ACO?s: , explained. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/stories/2011/january/13/aco-accountable-care-organization-faq.aspxHewitt, A. (2011). Accountable care organizations survey report. Retrieved from http://polakoffboland.com/PB Aon Hewitt 2011 ACO Survey_FINAL.pdfKaiser Family Foundation. (May, 2009). Explaining health care reform: What are health insurance exchanges? Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/healthreform/upload/7908.pdfReynolds, J., Roble, D. (October 03, 2011). The financial implication of ACO?s for providers. Retrieved from http://www.hfma.org/Templates/InteriorMaster.aspx?id=2 9091

The Stages Of The Counseling Process And Communication - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about The Stages of the Counseling Process and Communication. Answer: Introduction Counseling is the process by which a professional provide guidance and assistance meant to resolve psychological, social and personal difficulties (Pickard Carroll, 2015). According to McLeod (2013), the psychological therapy that the counselor provides to the client includes relationship therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychotherapy. The client should communicate the difficult feelings to the counselor and the counselor help the client in finding their own solutions for the problem. The essay will discuss the main stages that are involved in the counseling process which includes: relationship building, problem assessment, the creation of assessment goals, interventions for the problem, follow-up, and termination. The essay also discusses the communication skills required during counseling and includes: listening skills, questioning skills, responding skills, analytic skills, observation skills, and influential skills. The communication barriers during counseling that inc lude being judgmental, sending solutions and lack of attendant behaviors have also been discussed in the essay. Discussion There are five stages of counseling process which includes the following. Establishment of a rapport with the client (Relationship building) The counselor should initiate the counseling process by establishing a rapport with the client (Hackney Cormier, 2013). The counselor has several tasks to undertake in order to build a relationship with the client. The task includes articulating their roles as counselor to their client. The counselor should also introduce himself/herself by full names to the client and should also address the client by their names. According to Bond (2015), an informed consent is important while establishing a relationship with the client as the client should understand the whole process of counseling and give assent to it. According to Hackney Cormier (2013), the core conditions required for a successful relationship building includes empathetic understanding, respect, immediacy, self-disclosure, concreteness, congruence and unconditional positive regard. Assessment and Diagnosis Assessment and diagnosis represent the second stage of the counseling process. According to Nelson-Jones, (2013), the assessment and diagnosis stage is when the counselor gathers the information from the patient in order to understand his/her problem and reasons for undertaking the counseling. The counselor should help the client to communicate their problems rather than pronouncing for them. Hackney Cormier (2013) assert that the problems of the client being counseled can be categorized into several divisions that include stressors which are unpleasant events that cause a person to experience distraction and distress. The second problem may be a need where the client may be lacking something that is very vital for life and hence becomes disturbed. The third problem may be life conditions which are the conditions that are out of control of the client which limit his success for happiness. The fourth problem may be dysfunctional social patterns in which the client experiences problem s in relating with some people but get along well with other people. The counselor should, therefore, look forward to understanding the client problem in order to set the necessary goals and interventions meant to alleviate the client problem. Hackney Cormier (2013) argues that the cause of the client problems seeking to counsel may be relationship based, behavioral based, milieu based, emotion based and thought based. The counselor should be observant to the client in order to detect any signs of manifestation of their problems. The client manifests their problems through worries, fear, feelings, and an unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship among others. Formulation of Counseling Goals Goals formulation is an important stage during the process of counseling. The setting of goals is vital in determining whether the counseling is working and when should be concluded. According to Bhargava Sriram (2016), the general goals associated with counseling include a reduction in dysfunctional behaviors, reduction in emotional stress, and assistance in decision-making, development of potential and promotion of adaptation. The specific goals of counseling should be set immediately after understanding the client expectations and problems. The counselor has a role at this stage in guiding the client in setting the goals that aim towards alleviating the client distressing condition. Intervention and Problem-solving Intervention and problem solving is the stage where the counselor and the client initiate a solution to the client problem. The solution to the problem is related to the assessed problem by the counselor and the formulated goals. The counselor should first ask the client on the solution they have tried for their problem but it has failed. The counselor is, therefore, able to design an alternative solution to the problem. According to Jordans, Komproe, Tol, Nsereko de Jong (2013), the counselor should relate the client problem with the intervention the client will use. The problem that is related to how the client view on the life situation (cognitively determined problem), the appropriate intervention would endeavor to bring cognitive changes to the client ((Hackney Cormier, 2013). The intervention for behavioral changes would be used if the client has a problem that is related to how he/she affects other people. The intervention to resolve emotional crises would be used to a clien t that experiences emotional problems. The identification of the client problem is, therefore, important in formulating the right intervention for the client. Termination and Follow up The counseling process does not end immediately after providing the interventions necessary to solve the client problem. The client should have appointments with the counselor so that the counselor can be able to access whether the client is in the process of solving the problem (Manthei, 2007). The counselor should encourage the client to call if a need arises before the appointment date. The purpose of follow-up is to ensure that the counseling solves the client problem and identifying other needs for counseling before the counseling process is terminated. According to Manthei (2007), the termination of counseling should not be abrupt but procedures should be used which includes: evaluating the client readiness for termination, providing notice of termination in advance and discussing with the client on whether he/she is ready to terminate the counseling. Communication Skills that should be Integrated into Counseling Stages Effective Listening and Attendant Behaviors The counselor should try to understand the client deeply at the early stages of the counseling process. Active listening is important in the entire stages of the counselling process. According to Beebe, Beebe Redmond (2014), eye contacts, encouraging gestures and leaning forward slightly are some of the attentive body languages in communication. Questioning and Interviewing Skills The most effective communication skills required during the assessment and the diagnosis stage is the questioning skills. Beebe, Beebe Redmond (2014) assert that questioning skill is important in all stages of the counselling process. Questioning skills are used to guide the conversation process and help to gather enough information from the client. Both the open-ended the question and close-ended questions are used in counseling. Analytic Skills The analytic skills refer to the skills necessary in collecting information, visualize it and make decisions on how the problem will be solved. According to Egbochuku (2010),the analytic skill is most important communication skills during the identification of counseling goals and intervention stage of counseling. The counselor should be able to analyze the patient problem and come up with the goals and treatment plan for the problem. Feedback / Responding Skills The skill is important in the entire process of counseling. Egbochuku (2010) assert that the responding skills encourage the client to explain his/her story and allow clarifications. Observation Skills The observation of both the verbal and nonverbal message for the client is a vital skill in all stages of the counseling process. Beebe, Beebe Redmond (2014) argues that the observation of body languages like tone variations and facial expression are important signs that help in understanding the client problem and coming up with the solutions. Influential Skills The influential skills are important in changing the client ways of thinking and behaviors. The counselor should embrace the influential skills in order to have an impact on the client problem (Saarinen, 2015).The influential skills are mostly important during the intervention stage of the counseling process. Barriers to Communication during Counseling Judging Judging is one of the barriers to communication during counseling. Egbochuku (2010) assert that the counselor should refrain from judging the client during the entire process of counseling. The counselor should not impose his/her values to the client in order to promote communication with the client. The counselor should avoid judging the client so that the client can be open to them and create a good rapport with them. The counselor can reveal his/her judgemental nature to the client through criticism and manipulation. Sending solutions for the client Sending solutions for the client is a barrier to communication during the helping process. The clients should be given time to explain their problem and the counselor should facilitate their decision making but not imposing the decisions on their behalf without their involvement. Egbochuku (2010) argues that the counselor should encourage communication by refraining from ordering, avoid excessive/inappropriate questioning, avoid finishing sentences for the client, avoid moralizing and threaten the client. Lack of Attentive Behaviors Lack of attentive behaviors is a communication barrier in helping the process. The client requires that the counselor should be attentive so that he/she can deliver his/her problems. The client would not communicate effectively if the counselor does not give hi/her attentive ear. According to Egbochuku (2010), the counselor should use the listening skills and body language like nodding of the head and smile so that the client can recognize his/her attentiveness. Conclusion Counseling is important in solving psychological, social and personal problems that most of the people experience in their lives. The processes required in counseling should include the establishment of rapport with the client, problem diagnosis, goals setting, treatment and intervention, and follow-up which is finally concluded by the termination of counseling. The counselor has a role in ensuring that he/she embraces the appropriate communication skills while dealing with the client so that he can build a rapport with the client and the client is guided on how to solve his/her problem. References Beebe, S. A., Beebe, S. J., Redmond, M. V. (2014). Interpersonal communication: Relating to others (7th ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Bhargava, S., Sriram, S. (2016). Counsellor Characteristics and the Counselling Experience. InCounselling in India(pp. 13-33). Springer Singapore. Bond, T. (2015).Standards and ethics for counselling in action. Sage. Egbochuku, E. (2010). Counselling Communication Skills: Its Place In The Training Programme Of A Counselling Psychologist.Edo Journal Of Counselling,1(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejc.v1i1.52380 Hackney, H., Cormier, L. S. (2013). The professional counsellor: A process guide to helping (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Nsereko, J., de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2013). Treatment processes of counseling for children in South Sudan: a multiple n= 1 design.Community mental health journal,49(3), 354-367. Manthei, R. (2007). Clients talk about their experience of the process of counselling.Counselling Psychology Quarterly,20(1), 1-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070701208359 McLeod, J. (2013).An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Pickard, E., Carroll, M. (2015). Counselling Psychology.Elements of Applied P